Investigation+lab+on+Ohm's+Law

//Communicate what your investigation is about i.e. the title should include: the independent variable and the dependent variable as well as// //the effect.//
 * Aim: To determine the resistance of an unknown resistor using Ohm's law and find if the resistor is ohmic or non-ohmic. **

// Make your own research question that satisfies the aim given above. // //It may be useful to rewrite the title as a question.//
 * Research question: **

//Explain the relevant current research/ knowledge related to the problem.//
 * Introdudction/Background information : **

//A prediction of what you think the result will be. You must explain you prediction using your scientific knowledge. // //Explain why you think your hypothesis (prediction) in terms of you scientific understanding. //
 * Hypothesis: **// A testable statement, that predict the outcome of changing the independent variable on the dependent variable. //

//(ie. the one variable you are going to change) // ||  ||   || //(ie. the variable that you are going to measure or observe) // ||  ||   || //(ie. variables that will be kept the same during the investigation) // ||  ||   ||
 * Variables: **
 * || What is it? Name it. || Methods of management or measuremenet and control ||
 * **Independent varialbe (unit)**
 * **Dependent variable (unit)**
 * **Controlled variable 1**
 * Controlled variable 2 ||  ||   ||
 * Controlled variable 3 ||  ||   ||

//(List all the materials you will use for the investigation including the size information.)//
 * Apparatus/Material: **

//(Draw a diagram to show how you will set up the materials; this must be done in pencil and with a ruler where necessary and labelled with straight lines.)//
 * Diagram: **

(//List the steps that you will follow to carry out the investigation.)// //You need to do this in enough detail that someone else could do exactly the same experiment / inquiry without needing to ask you any questions.//
 * Method: ** Numbered step [|measuring resistance] using voltmeter and ammeter

A supprt material for your lab: diagram and method

__ Raw date table __ [ mA means milliamp e.g)1000 mA = 1 A ]
 * Results: **
 * Voltage(V) || Current(A) || Voltage(V) || Current(A) || Observations ||
 * Trial 1 || Trial 1 || Trial 2 || Trial 2 || Brightness / Change in temperature / Colour/ change in shape / Smell / etc. ||

__ Processed data table __ // (You need to prepare some values to plot a graph. Think of what values you need to plot. (Refer to examples from the table below.) // // Sample calculation ( i.e. one example of each calculation you used in your processed data table) //
 * Average || Percentage || Any calculated data / Resistance || Etc. ||
 * //This is where you show other people the data that you have collected. Your data might be numbers or it might be photos or it might be written descriptions about what happened, or it might be a mixture of all of these things.//

//You are trying to make it as easy as possible for other people to understand your data. It is usually easier for other people to understand your data if you put it in tables and graphs. All graphs and tables should have titles and label axes.//
 * //Use tables and graphs//**

//Often you will need to calculate some averages or percentages. Sometimes you will have more complicated calculations to do. You should include one sample calculation in your report, to make sure that other people can follow what you did.//
 * //Calculations//**

//If you have a lot of pages of numbers you might think that it will be easier for people to read if you just put a graph in the results section and put all the rest (called your raw data) in an appendix at the end of your report.//
 * //Use an Appendix if you have lots of data//**

//In the Results section you can summarise what your data shows. For example, you might write. This graph shows that plants grow taller when they are given more fertiliser. Don’t try to explain or comment on your data in the Results section. You will do this in the Discussion// || =//** Some questions to consider for Ohm's law lab report! **//= // **Challenges! ** // Do the same experiment using a filament lamp and find the resistance of it as the current increases.
 * //Summarise your data, but don’t explain it//**
 * Graph //( V against I graph )// **
 * 1) Plot V against I graph. Draw error bars for all data points. Add the line of best fit.
 * 2) Calculate the gradient if the line of best fit is showing a linear relationship and find the value of your resistance.
 * 3) Explain why do we need to ensure the line of best fit passing through the origin.
 * 4) Calculate an ‘average’ resistance of your resistor and compare it to your graphical answer.

**Discussion:**
//(Describe the results and try to explain why this happened using science and what you said in your introduction. What patterns [if any] were there? What was the purpose of your experiment?)//

1. Describe what happens to ** //V// ** when ** //I// ** increases. 2. Describe the value of ** //R.// ** Are there any change in ** //R// ** as ** //I// ** increases? 3. Describe and explain if your resistance is Ohmic or Non-ohmic (To answer this, you will need to read a lot about Ohm’s law). 4. How did your findings compare/contrast with your research? 5. Identify possible causes of uncertainty, in data or in the evluation. 6. What significance do your findings have in the real world (if relevant)?

__**Evaluation**:__ I mprovements to be made.
//(Consider where there were problems with the method, materials and results. “I didn’t follow the method” is not a useful evaluation! Focus on the variables, and explain how these might not have been controlled properly.)//

1. Were your graphical and calculated results the same? What could have caused any differences? 2. How accurate were your data collection? Discuss carefully how the uncertainty and error impacts the outcome. 3. Is your experiment valid? 4. Is your procedure reliable? 5. Think of any improvements you can suggest in your methods if you do the experiment again.

**__Conclusion:__**
//(Was the hypothesis correct? Summarise the main findings of your investigation. If there is a something which needs a follow up investigation, make a suggestion.)//

1. Restate your results. Were they what you expected? 2. Describe whether your hypothesis is supported or not and how well was the hypothesis supported by the data. 3. Think of any investigations you would like to do further.
 * //ie) The hypothesis was correct for two points where the amount of current indicated at 0.35 A and 0.55 A, but incorrect for one data set at .... A. While two of the resistance values were presented at ..... ohms which is ohmic, one had a very different value of .... ohms. This may be caused by the method, but also due to the fact that the equipment, such as, the wires may have supplied an unreliable amount of voltage, meaning wires were heated and thus produced large heat energy resulting in power loss which was dissipated to the surroundings.//

//It may be useful to experiment with ways to effectively break down ...// //OR// //This experiment might be further investigated by finding a resistance using other devices such as a filament bulb.// ||

**__ Bibliography: __** Don't forget that your Bibliography in AIS is expected to be in [|MLA] format.
//(This is where you list where you found your information.// //They should be organised alphabetically.// //Ensure to include information on: the author; the date; the publisher; the website/book. Accessed date.////)// ie.) Ebert, Roger. Review of //An Inconvenient Truth//, directed by Davis Guggenheim. //rogerebert.com//, 1 June 2006, [|www.rogerebert.com/reviews/an-inconvenient-truth-2006] Accessed 15 June 2017 Revkin, Andrew C. “Clinton on Climate Change.” //The New York Times//, 17 May 2007, www.nytimes.com/video/world/americas/1194817109438/clinton-on-climate-change.html Accessed 29 July 2017

= **In report writing;** =
 * Use specific scientific notation and terminology but, otherwise, use simple sentence structure and language to express your ideas.
 * Include evidence supporting your ideas.
 * Do not start your discussion/analysis/evaluation/conclusion with ‘I’. Start with one of the following suggesstions. ( this result, this data, the method used in this investigation, the limination, it,... )
 * Human error occurs all the time and it is one of the biggest sources so indicate what you’ve done to reduce the error but do not use it as an evaluation as it is random error which means it is hard to improve or control. Focus your evaluation on ‘systemic errors’ as it is easier to improve and find a solution.
 * Give specific examples of interpretations and applications.
 * Make sure to include if your investigation is valid and reliable and explain the reasons why.

=Tips taken from IGCSE 0625 Syllabus: you can consider including this information in your Physics investigation reports=