IB+MYP+Astronomy

Astronomy
Research question: What are your ideas about the Universe? (How big? How far? How old?) Investigate how astronomers can find out about distant objects; What can you learn from light?

[|The North star] / Image from National Geographic Constellations are visible star groups that have been identified by past cultures. Ancient cultures linked stars together to form patterns that represented characters from myths and objects in their lives. Understanding the location and movement of constellations helped people navigate and keep track of time. Let's find some of the constellations in the Northern Hemisphere at midnight. Polaris the Big Dipper the Great Bear Leo Orion the Hunter

[|UNIVERSCALE] - link to cool website by Nikon
[|Earth], [|planet] , [|Sun], [|Moon] from National Geographic

What is the size of a bacterium? 0.2 ~ 5 µm(10-6 m) What is the size of a thickness of red blood cell? 2.4 µm(10-6 m) What is the size of a human skin cell? 50 µm(10-6 m) What is the size of a human hair width? 17~181µm(10-6 m) What is the size of a water molecule? 0.275 nm(10-9 m) What is the size of a electron? 1 x 10-20 m Diameter of Jupiter: 142,984 kilometers Earth Moon distance: 363,104 kilometers Earth diameter: 12,742 kilometers

Scale of Universe
== Objects that are very far away do not appear to move at all. Copernicus noticed that the planets appeared to move relative to each other but that the stars did not. Thus, he thought that the stars must be much farther away than the planet. ==

History of the Universe
L ength and time are quantities we use to define objects and events in our universe. Time and space grew out of the Big Bang.

Comets

Gravity helps shape the structures at each scale and makes orbit in the Universe.
 * Gravity:** The force of attraction between objects(masses). Gravity affects to everything that has mass in the universe.

Space trip
[|Eagle Nebula] / Image from National Geographic Interesting stories to read: 1. Truth behind [|What the Hubble Space Telescope Really Sees from space.com] 2. Use of Reflective [|Ultraviolet Photography to Photo-Document Brusing to Children from www.crime-scene-investigator.net] 3. UV Ultraviolet Photography Gallery [|How does the sun see you from lifepixel.com] 4. [|The Faces of Ultraviolet from slate.com] 5. [|What color is the sun from stanford.edu] 6. [|National geographic space news from nationalgeographic.com] 7. [|The sun now from nasa.gov]

[|The Orion Nebula] from Amazing Space

[[image:sciencelanguagegallery/The Orion Nebula.png]]
Image from [|www.lpi.usra.edu] [|Solar nebula] from global.britannica.com

Teacher's TV: Models of the solar system - Earth, Sun and Moon
from YouTube media type="youtube" key="TwBtU7GtPhE" width="550" height="316"

Solar system:
Judging the size of objects from many of the images is not easy as they look about the same size in the pictures of our solar system. The Sun is much larger than any of the planets. Size counts in nature since they collapse under their own gravity and become extremely hot. ORBITAL SPEED = (2 x PI x ORBITAL RADIUS) / TIME PERIOD v = 2 π r / T Scientists believe that the solar system formed around 4.5 billion years ago from observation of a huge swirling cloud of dust and the birth of stars in space. In our solar system, eight planets ( My Very Elegant Mother Just Served Us Nutella) and many smaller celestial bodies are orbiting around the Sun. [|The formation of the solar system Quizlet] questions: [|Solar system exploration] from nasa.gov [|Gravity and the Solar system] from KS3 BBC Bitesize [|Astronomy and space science] from KS3 BBC Bitesize

=The sun= [|Q an A] about the Sun from curious.astro.cornell.edu Let's play a [|quizlet card game of Sun] The Sun from www.michielb.nl Sunspots from www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov [|Solar flares and prominences], [|Sun], [|Sunspots and Solar storms] from hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
 * [[image:Sun Internal sturcture.jpg width="395" height="379"]] || [[image:Solar wind.jpg width="564" height="380"]] || [[image:Sun sturcture.jpg width="390" height="388"]] ||  ||
 * Sun's internal structure image from [|quizlet.com] || Solar image from [|quizlet.com] || Sun's structure image from [|quizlet.com] ||

Video tutorial on solar flares from [|study.com] [|ESA Episode 8 The Sun] from http://sci.esa.int/vodcast

Nuclear Fusion in the stellar core As the gas cloud collapses, the core becomes hotter and the density inside the core increases. Eventually, the nuclear fusion occur when the temperature and density reach a point. Answer the questions below. [|How do planets form?] from hubblesite.org [|How was the solar system formed?] from www.livescience.com [|Milky Way Galaxy] image from www.nasa.gov [|Galaxies] from science.nasa.gov [|How many galaxies are in the universe?] from forbes.com
 * 1) Which will have a greater core temperature and density- a high mass star or a low mass star?
 * 2) Which will then have a greater fusion rate?
 * 3) Which will use up its fuel more quickly?
 * 4) What is the fuel?

[|The Sun] Quizlet game

THE END OF UNIVERSE/DISCOVERY CHANNEL from youtube.com Explain what would happen if the sun disappeared in our solar system?

**TIDES**

A tide is the periodic rise and fall of a body of water due to gravitational interactions between the sun, moon and Earth Watch Brainpop tides

__//Draw spring tides showing the position of the moon, the earth and the sun.//__ The wavelength of an average tide can be up to 17,000 km (over 10,500 miles). Some places have one low tide and one high tide per day. Other places have two high and low tides per day approximately equal in size.  Spring tides occur when the sun and moon are in a straight line. The tidal range is typically highest during spring tides.

__//Draw neap tides showing the position of the moon, the earth and the sun.//__ Neap tides occur when the sun and moon form a right angle with Earth. Low tides are typically higher and high tides are lower.  //Q). Why is the moon’s pull greater than the sun’s?// The partial or total blocking of light from one celestial body as it passes behind or through the shadow of another celestial body.  Watch Brainpop eclipse  ♦ In a ** solar eclipse ** the moon comes between the sun and Earth, blocking the sun.  //Image from [|www.mydarksky.org]//  ♦ In a **lunar eclipse** the moon passes through the Earth's shadow. Image from [|www.earthsky.org] Image from [|www.space.com]
 * ECLIPSE**

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: &#39;Lucida Sans&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,Verdana,sans-serif;">**SEASON** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: &#39;Lucida Sans&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,Verdana,sans-serif;">// Q.​ What causes seasons on Earth? // <span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; font-family: &#39;Open Sans&#39;,&#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Seasons occur on the Earth as the Earth's axis is tilted. Watch a videoclip: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: &#39;Lucida Sans&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 17.7273px;">BILL NYE SEASONS from youtube.com media type="youtube" key="nZMMuv0Ltyo" width="448" height="251"

Why December Has The Longest Days by MinutePhysics from youtube.com

media type="youtube" key="IJhgZBn-LHg" width="448" height="251" <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: &#39;Lucida Sans&#39;,&#39;Lucida Grande&#39;,&#39;Lucida Sans Unicode&#39;,Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 17.7273px;">How Earth Moves by Vsauce from youtube.com

ASTRONOMY PODCAST EPISODES
[|ASTRONOMY CAST HOMEPAGE] hundreds of episodes on different astronomical topics [|Huygens space probe] from nasa.gov

[|MYSTERIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 1] [|MYSTERIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 2] [|MYSTERIES OF THE MILKY WAY 1] [|MYSTERIES OF THE MILKY WAY 2] [|MYSTERIES OF THE UNIVERSE 1] [|MYSTERIES OF THE UNIVERSE 2] [|FAMOUS STARS] Age of the Universe?
 * SOME EXAMPLES**

=
1 parsec ␣ 3.26 ly This is defined by making a triangle between the Earth, the Sun and a distant object. If the angle at the distant object is l arcsec then it would be 1 parsec away. More about this later. ======

<span style="color: #141413; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.6667px; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">

Johannes Kepler's three laws
Planets are orbiting the sun in a path described as an ellipse. An imaginary line drawn from the sun to any planet sweeps out equal areas in equal amounts of time. It describes the speed at which any given planet is constantly changing while orbiting the sun. The ratio of the perod of orbit squared (<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: latoregular,Tahoma; font-size: 16px;">**T** ** 2 ** ) to the mean radius of orbit cubed( **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: latoregular,Tahoma; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;">R **** 3 ** ) is the same value for all the planets that orbit the sun. [|Does mass affect speed of orbit at a certain distance?] from physics.stackexchange.com Planetary Orbit Simulator [|Kepler's law applet]
 * 1st law: The law of ellipses**
 * 2nd law: The law of equal areas.**
 * 3rd law: The law of harmonies.**

Famous Astronomers and Astrophysicists Pseudo-Autobiography<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(False biography written by yourself)

I assure you that this and next projects should prove to be enjoyable and educational without burdening you with too many hours of extra work.

I would like everyone ready to present their biographical presentation during our double period next week. I do plan on recording the presentations so make sure you’re well prepared. Everyone was given the chance to sign-up for a specific person to research. If you wanted to, you were given the opportunity to research a significant figure in astronomical science from your home country to do your presentation on. We all meet on Monday if you still need to sign up. Here is what I’m specifically looking for you to include in your 3-5 minutes presentation next week: o Presenting the information in the first person. I’d like for you to speak as if you were the person you researched. Special credit for actually dressing up like the person. o Try to investigate and present some of the ‘less commonly known facts’ about the person and their work. ||
 * · The name, date of birth / date of death, nation of origin and educational/professional background.
 * · The history leading up to their most significant scientific contribution. Why did this person discover what they did?
 * · What is/was their most significant contribution to science?
 * · Where are we now in our understanding of astronomy because of their contribution?
 * >>Bonus points:
 * o Presenting without the aid of notecards
 * The more authentic and educationally entertaining you can make your presentation the better. Please hand in an APA formatted bibliography of your work at the time of your presentation.

Space Exploration Timeline

This is an activity for the week of 27 Feb. Your Prezi ‘Space Exploration Timeline’ is due to be sent to Ms. Lee until Sunday, 4th March. For your timeline you were to include the following information: o Identify who conducted the mission o What the mission was and the destination. o Examples of actual events e.g. sputnik 1 o Explanation of whaat we use each method to do and why the methods are different o State the when the mission was launched, include when the device would reach its goal. Some missions take years for the probe/device to reach its final destination. o Neatly presented
 * A title
 * 20 different space exploration missions

You should still use the launch date as the date for the mission. o Explain why the mission was planned. o Share what was learned by the mission. o Site your sources § Your 20 missions can include future planned missions too. § You can do more than 20 missions… ;) § Make sure choose your 20 missions wisely. Spread your selected missions out over a long time period and make sure to choose critical/important missions.
 * Try and search for suggestions on how to make a ‘good’ prezi. There are websites out there that have some great suggestions.

To submit your Prezi you should be able to ‘share’ it with me, send the invitation to soojunglee@branksome.asia If you cannot share it with me then you’ll have to ‘download’ it, copy it to a USB and then share it with me in class or email it as a file.

Here are some sites that may be helpful... @http://www.seasky.org/spacexp/sky5d.html @http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_space_exploration - make sure NOT to use Wikipedia as a primary source. @http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/chronology.html @http://www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference/space-timeline.html @http://www.thespacerace.com/timeline/

= Astronomy One World Essay =

You will be assessed on **Criteria A and B** for this task. You are one of a few selected scientists from all over the world who have been chosen by ESA to carry out a special mission to explore the universe. You are to prepare a presentation to inform the director, details of the exploratory project. You are given the liberty to choose any planet you wish to explore and justify your reasons. You are also to explain the implication of your trip in any two of the One World factors. Your presentation has to address 3 issues:
 * 1) Which planet have you chosen and why? (How far is the planet from earth?)
 * 2) What technology is the spacecraft using?
 * 3) How will this space exploration impact the world?

Please check AB FEEDBACK COVERAGE before you submit. Please upload your final essay onto iLearn with your file name as G9 Class Your name Astronomy
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Keywords you could use **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 16px;">:
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Orbit || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Light || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Speed || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Time || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Launch || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Atmosphere || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Revolution || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> Camera/ telescope || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Galaxy || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 16px;">AU || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Probes ||

Words limit: 700 words Date of this document: 19 Feb. 2012 Essay Due: the last lesson on the week of 11th March.


 * For your revision, try out the question on this.**
 * BBC Bitesize Astronomy**

ascension:It is a measure of how far east an object is from the vernal equinox.
 * Astronomy keywords**

Hours: an angular measurement of right ascension equal to 15° or a 24th part of the celestial equator. Astronomers measure right ascension in hours eastward from the vernal equinox.

vernal equinox: the location of the sun on the first day of spring. declination: It is a measure, in degrees, of how far north or south an object is from the celestial equator. celestial sphere: an imaginary sphere that surrounds the Earth. celestial equator: an imaginary circle created by extending Earth's equator into space ecliptic: the apparent path of the Sun across the sky throughout the year. circumpolar stars: stars that can be seen at all times of year and all times of night. light year: a unit of length equal to the distance that light travels in one year which is equal to about 9,460,000,000,000 km. nebula: <span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">diffuse cloud <span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> of <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">particles and gases (mainly hydrogen) that <span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> is <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">visible either <span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> as a <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">hazy patch <span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> of <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">light (either <span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> an **<span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> emission **<span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> or a **<span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> reflection nebula  **<span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">) or an <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">irregular dark region against <span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> a <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">brighter background <span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ( **<span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> dark nebula  **<span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">). <span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">degree: a <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">unit <span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> of <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">latitude <span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> or <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">longitude, divided into <span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 60 <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">minutes, used <span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> to <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">define points <span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> on <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the earth's surface <span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> or on <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the celestial sphere celestial longitude: <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The angular distance eastward from the vernal equinox measured along the ecliptic <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> to a <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">great circle drawn through the pole <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">of <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the ecliptic plane and <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> a <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">celestial body. Also called //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ecliptic longitude //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">.

<span class="hvr" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">celestial latitude: The angular distance north, counted positive, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> or <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">south, counted negative, measured from the ecliptic along <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> a <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">great circle drawn through the pole <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> of <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the ecliptic plane and <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> a <span class="hvr" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">celestial body. Also called //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ecliptic latitude //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">apparent magnitude: the brightness of a star as seen from the Earth. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">absolute magnitude: the brightness that a star would have at a distance of 32.6 light-years from Earth. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Solar corona: the outermost part of the sun's atmosphere. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">core: The very centre of the sun where fusion occurs <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">radiative zone: The layer of the sun directly above the core <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">convective zone: photons produced by fusion in the core make their way to the surface of the sun through convection. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">photosphere: The visible glowing surface of the sun.5800 kelvin. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">chromosphere: A layer of gases directly above the photosphere(greek chroma: indicating colour or pigment) sphere of colour. It is cooler lower regions and hotter upper regions <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Super granules: areas in the sun's photosphere where current of gas rise and fall by way of convection. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">corona: crown in greek. the outermost part of the sun's atmosphere. 2million kelvin <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Coronagraphs: telescopes specially designed to take photographs of the inner corona


 * Solar flare**: a sudden, brief (typically lasting only a few minutes) explosive release of solar magnetic energy that heats and accelerates the gas in the suns atmosphere. Solar flares occur an active regions of the sun which are areas of the sun that has sunspot groups. Magnetic field emerge such a way that release high energy photons, electrons and others. Solar flares cause damage in electric power surges and damage to satellite orbiting the Earth.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Spicules: cooler jets of gas in the chromosphere of the sun caused by magnetic fields of sun <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">coronal mass ejection <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[|prominence]: a bright, relatively dense, and relatively cool arched cloud of **ionized gas** in the chromosphere and corona of the sun.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #404040; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">dark filament: a prominence, seen from above and set against the sun's bright surface sunspots: A relatively dark, irregularly shaped, region of the photosphere with a lower temperature than the other parts of the photosphere FACULAE: BRIGHT SPOTS ON THE SUN Umbra: 1. the darker central core of a sunspot 2. the fully shaded inner region of a shadow cast by an opaque object, especially the area on the earth or moon experiencing the total phase of an eclipse. Penumbra: 1.the border of a sunspot 2. the shadow cast by the earth or moon over an area experiencing a partial eclipse.

Why sunspots occur? : lack of zeeman effect: the splitting of a spectral line emitted by an atom into two or more separate lines due to the presence of a magnetic field polarity: orientation of the magnetic field plasma: ionized gas, made of freely moving electrically charged ions and electrons Dynamo effect: generation of a magnetic field by a rotating and convecting body of electrically conducting matter differential rotation: a kind of rotation where the rotation period of a body differs with latitude The temperature of a star tells them the surface brightness, and the pressure tells them an approximate size of the star. H-R Diagram Stars are classified by temperature and the elements they absorb, which are called their spectra Seven main types of star Oh Be a Fine Girl Kiss Me Oh Be A Fine Giraff Kill Me Oh Boy An F Grade Kills Me luminosity: the total energy a star radiates in one second Stellar evolution: life cycle of stars protostar: a star in its earliest phase of evolution(baby star) main sequence star(adult star) nuclear fusion: a process that combines nuclei in order to release energy. the conversion of hydrogen in a star's center into helium How nuclear fusion arise in the first place?
 * class || o || b || a || f || g || k || m ||
 * color || blue || white to blue white || white || yellowish white || yellow || orange || red ||

E=MC2 tells us how much energy released from nuclear fusion. Types of stars Main Sequence Red Giants White Dwarfs Brown Dwarfs:A protostar that never grew enough to do fusion in its core. It is heavier than gas giant planet but not big enough to be a star. How stars are born? Star nebula>>Red giant>> planetary nebula>> white dwarf Star nebula>>Red super giant>> supernova>> Neutron star or Black hole

protostar: A developing star that isn not hot enough to do nuclear fusion 7000000kelvin: nuclear fusion occurs Hydrostatic Equilibrium: The outward pressure of hot gases balancing the inward pull of gravity. gravitational contraction inward <<=>> energy produced outward by nuclear fusion fluids in a star, its gases, are not expanding and not contracting when it is stable.

strong force: a force that binds neutrons and protons inside atomic nuclei Weak force: a force involved in certain types of radioactive decay

interstellar medium: a collection of gas and dust located between stars. It is the birth place of stars. spectroscopy( the use of unique patterns of spectral lines to identify a chemical substance) has helped to find the composition of interstellar medium. It is composed of 70% hydrogen, 28% helium, and 2% of other element. Interstellar dust: microscopic solid particles, such as iron, ice, silicates, in the interstellar medium Interstellar extinction: the dimming of light coming from a star due to its obstruction by the interstellar medium emission, dark, Nebula: a cloud of gas or dust out in space that may reflect light emanating from nearby stars 1. emission nebula(H2 Regions):a glowing cloud of ionized gas that is excited by ultraviolet radiation absorbed from hot nearby stars./ Hydrogen is neutral and H2 hydrogen is ionized 2. Reflection nebula : a nebula produced when starlight reflects from very small dust particles floating in the interstellar medium, resulting in a bluish glow. molecular clouds: denser area of the interstellar medium. They are the nursery of stars. Shock wave: an abrupt change in pressure traveling as a wave faster than the speed of sound. [|Life cycle of a star] from study.com

[|Telescope quizlet game] [|ESA Teachers Workshop] =<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1f61aa; font-family: Lato,&#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 29px;">TES <span style="background-image: url(">[|Cosmic Classroom blast-off!] = [|Earth and space resource from tes.com] [|Cosmic classroom from principia.org.uk] [|Earth and space] from tes.com Aurora Electromagnetic spectrum

media type="youtube" key="s4CFMrJyMbM" width="560" height="315" 10 Lies you were told about space. YouTube media type="youtube" key="rcYHbz1PHY0" width="560" height="315" 10 Unsolved mysteries of space YouTube