IB+DP+Topic+10+FIELDS

10.1 Describing Fields
 * Topic 10.1 is an extension of Topics 5.1 and 6.2.**

Electric charges and masses each influence the space around them and that influence can be represented through the concept of fields.

//** Nature of science: **// Paradigm shift: The move from direct, observable actions being responsible for influence on an object to acceptance of a field’s “action at a distance” required a paradigm shift in the world of science.

//** Understandings: **// • Gravitational fields • Electrostatic fields • Electric potential and gravitational potential • Field lines • Equipotential surfaces

• Representing sources of mass and charge, lines of electric and gravitational force, and field patterns using an appropriate symbolism • Mapping fields using potential • Describing the connection between equipotential surfaces and field lines
 * // Applications and skills: //**

• Electrostatic fields are restricted to the radial fields around point or spherical charges, the field between two point charges and the uniform fields between charged parallel plates • Gravitational fields are restricted to the radial fields around point or spherical masses and the (assumed) uniform field close to the surface of massive celestial bodies and planetary bodies • Students should recognize that no work is done in moving charge or mass on an equipotential surface
 * // Guidance: //**

• Although gravitational and electrostatic forces decrease with the square of distance and will only become zero at infinite separation, from a practical standpoint they become negligible at much smaller distances. How do scientists decide when an effect is so small that it can be ignored?
 * // Theory of knowledge: //**

• Knowledge of vector analysis is useful for this sub-topic (see Physics sub-topic 1.3)
 * // Utilization: //**

• Aim 9: models developed for electric and gravitational fields using lines of forces allow predictions to be made but have limitations in terms of the finite width of a line
 * // Aims: //**

• W = q Δ Ve • W = m Δ Vg  FORCE FIELDS ( The concept of the force field has been introduced in both Topic 5.1 and Topic 6.2) The force laws F = –Gm 1 m 2 /r 2 and F = kq 1 q 2 /r 2 were first developed as __//action at a distance//__ phenomena. The field is the force per unit test point __object (mass or positive charge)__ placed at a particular point. 
 * // Data booklet refe //****// rence: //**
 * Coulomb's Law
 * The force of attraction or repulsion acting between two point electric charges is**
 * directly proportional to the prouct of their charges** **and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.** || Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

//e// o  = 8.85 x10 -12 C 2 m -2 N -1 (PERMITTIVITY of free space) Images from [|x-engineer.org] and [|Hyperphysics] || UNIVERSAL GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT: G = 6.67 x 10 –11 Nm 2 kg –2 ( The constant of proportionality ) || FIELD LINE The direction and strength of a field are illustrated by a field line. The strength of a field is presented by the density of the lines.The density of field lines is considered by dividing the number of lines passing through a given area. The area at a given distance can be thought of as the area of a sphere.
 * The force acting between two masses is**
 * directly proportional to each of their masses** **and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.** ||
 * whe re q1 and q2 denote charges and the electrostatic constant k

EXAMPLES) 1. Sketch the electric field (E) around a charge 2. Sketch the gravitational field (g) around a mass

Image from [|www.wikipremed.com]

EXAMPLE 3: Describe the difference between electric field and gravitational field. media type="custom" key="29015197" [|Electric Field Hockey] from Phet

The direction of the field line signifies the direction of the force experienced by a particle placed in the field. Field lines by a test object, for both g and E fields, when a test object is moved: ~ along/parallel to a field line - work will be done ) ~ across/perpendicular to a field line (along the equipotential) - no work will be done.

PRACTICE 1: Sketch the gravitational field about Earth (a) as viewed close from Earth surface, (b) locally from a distance and (c) from far away.

SOLUTION: The field lines will appear to be parallel when you get very close to a sphere (refer to the diagram 1a) and thus, we assume the field close to the Earth is uniform and thus its value is 9.8 ms -2.
 * [[image:Gravitational fields.PNG width="342" height="671"]] ||
 * Image from [|schoolphysics.co.uk] ||

PRACTICE 2: Field strength is a vector quantity so field strengths must be added vectorially.
(a) Estimate the field strength at the point shown due to A, B, C and D. Consider the planet, Earth and Moon, as shown in the diagram below.

Image from [|gradegorilla.com]

(b) Calculate the resultant field strength at positions A, B, C and D.

Graphical representation
A gravitational field can be shown with a field strength vs distance from centre of Earth graph.
 * Use Excel or GeoGebra to plot GM/r^2 vs r.

SOLUTION: Image from [|www.patana.ac.th]

Due to the finite speed (v = c) of the force signal required of the special theory of relativity, the //__action at a distance__// view had to be cast aside in favor of the field view. In the field view, we imagine charges and masses as capable of warping the space around them due to their presence, and other charges and masses responding only to the local curvature of space, and not the actual source of that curvature.

At a distance r there would be N field lines passing through the walls of a sphere of area 4 π r 2. The number of field lines per unit area are therefore N / 4 π r 2. The density of field lines __is proportional to 1/( r__ 2 __)__ which is the same as the field strength. Image from [|www.physicsclassroom.com]

PRACTICE 4: Draw electric field patterns of (a) a positive charge, (b) a negative charge (c) between two charges. SOLUTION It simply displays  the electric field permeating through space. Remember the direction of the field arrows showed the direction of the force a test charge, or a test mass, would feel due to the local field. (a) (b) Yes, your guess is correct !!! (c) Image source from [|www.patana.ac.th]

PRACTICE 5: Justify the statement “the electric field strength is uniform between two parallel plates.” SOLUTION Hint: Sketch the electric field lines between two parallel plates and demonstrate that the electric field lines have equal density everywhere between the plates. The field lines are appeared to be parallel in between two parallel plates.

Gravitational Potential, Vg Energy per unit test point mass that the mass has as a result of the gravitational field. Vg = energy/mass = W/m = - GM / r [ Unit: J / kg ] The amount of work required to bring a test mass of one kilogram from infinity to a given point.

__//Worked examples//__ ( K.A. Tsokos p 399~401 ) 10.2 Calculate the gravitational potential at point P. (Masses and distances are shown on the diagram on text page 399. V = V1 + V2 = -8.6 X 10 ^-4 J / kg 10.3 The mass of the Moon is about 81 times smaller than that of the Earth. The distance between the Earth and the Moon is about d=3.8 x 10^8 m. The mass of the Earth is 5.97 x 10^24kg. (a) Determine the distance from the centre of the Earth of the point on the line joining the Earth to the Moon where the combined gravitational field strength of the Earth and the Moon is zero. The distance at point where the field strength between them is zero is 3.4 x 10^8 m. (b) Calculate the combined gravitational potential at that point. Vg = - 1.28 x 10^6 J/kg (c) Calculate the potential energy when a 2500 kg probe is placed at that point. Ep = mVg = - 3.2 x 10^9 J

Potential difference – The gravitational force As masses experience the gravitational force, when one mass is moved in the vicinity of another, work W is done (recall that work is a force times a displacement). Gravitational Potential Difference: D V g = W /m > ( Note that the units of Vg are J/kg ) media type="youtube" key="vcZX7gcW4VY" width="560" height="315" Gravitational potential and gravitational potential energy [|The Fizzics Organization] Published on 21 Oct 2014
 * We define the potential difference Vg between two points A and B as the amount of work ( W ) done per unit mass m in moving a point mass from A to B.

PRACTICE 6: A mass of m = 500 kg is moved from point A, having a gravitational potential of 75.0 J kg-1 to point B, having a gravitational potential of 25.0 J kg-1. (a) What is the potential difference undergone by the mass? (b) What is the work done in moving the mass from A to B? SOLUTION: (a) Δ Vg = V B – V A = 25.0 – 75.0 = - 50.0 J kg-1 (b) W = m Δ Vg = 500 x -50.0 = - 25000 J

Electric Potential, Ve Energy per unit test point charge that the charge has as a result of the electric field. Ve = energy/charge = W/q = kQ / r [ Unit: J / C, (V) ]

__//Worked examples//__ ( K.A. Tsokos p 405, 407 ) 10.5 The hydrogen atom has a single proton and a single electron. (a) Find the electric potential a distance of 0.50 x 10^-10 m from the proton of the hydrogen atom. The proton has a charge 1.6 x 10^-19, equal and opposite to that of the electron. Ve = kQ / r = 28.7 = 29 V (b) Use your answer to a to calculate the electric potential energy between the proton in a hydrogen atom and an electron orbiting the proton at a radius 0.50 x 10^10 m Ep = q Ve = 4.6 x 10^-18 J 10.6 Two unequal positive charges +Q and +q are placed at a distance x (Fig.10.16). Which one of the graphs shows the variation with distance x from the larger charge of the electric potential Ve along the line joining the centres of the charges? SOLUTION: B Potential difference – The electric force As electric charges experience the electric force, when one charge is moved in the vicinity of another, work W is done (recall that work is a force times a displacement). Electrostatic Potential Difference: D V e = W /q > ( Note: The units of Ve are J/C which are volts V )
 * We define the potential difference Ve between two points A and B as the amount of work ( W ) done per unit charge q in moving a point charge from A to B.

PRACTICE 7: A battery has a potential difference of 3V. How much energy is required to move 2 m C of charge from the negative to the positive end? U = qV = ( 2x 10^-6) (3V) = 10^-6 J PRACTICE 8: A charge of q = +15.0 m C is moved from point A, having a voltage (potential) of 25.0 V to point B, having a voltage (potential) of 18.0 V. (a) What is the potential difference undergone by the charge? (b) What is the work done in moving the charge from A to B? SOLUTION: (a) Δ Ve = VB – VA = 18.0 – 25.0 = -7.0 V (b) W = qΔVe = 15.0 x10 -6 x (-7.0) = -1.1 x 10 -4 J


 * [[image:sciencelanguagegallery/Gravitational fields formulae.PNG width="339" height="299"]] || ===Electric fields===

Make your own and double check if all equations are correct from text or compare with [|www.physbot.co.uk] ||

Equipotential surfaces – The gravitational field The contour map of Mt. Everest ?
 * [[image:sciencelanguagegallery/contour 1.JPG width="483" height="692"]] ||  || [[image:Changing it from top to side.JPG]]

**The closer the lines, the steeper the terrain(the greater difference in energy level). The farther apart the lines, the flatter the terrain.**
||

Previously, we see that ΔVg = – gΔh which tells us that if h is constant, so is Vg. Thus each elevation line clearly represents __//a plane of constant potential//__, an **equipotential surface**. • No work is done in moving mass on an equipotential surface Image K.A. Tsokos page 409

Equipotential surfaces – The electric field Sketch in the equipotential surfaces Ve (the E-field lines) of (a) a uniform electric field, (b) a point charge and (c) dipole. SOLUTION: Just make sure your surfaces are perpendicular to the field lines. || PRACTICE: Identify this equipotential surface. SOLUTION: ·This is an electric dipole. ·The positive charge is the peak and the negative charge is the pit. ·The test charge will “fall” from the peak to the pit. Why? ·What would a negative charge do if released in the pit? || Equipotentials images Tim Kirk IB Study Guides p114
 * EXAMPLE:
 * Image from [|slideplayer.com] || Image from the[| University of Hawaii] ||
 * (a) a charge and a mass || (b) two same point charges || (c) two equal and opposite charges || (d) Equipotential lines between charged parallel plates ||
 * [[image:equipotentials around a charge and a mass.PNG width="373" height="244"]] || [[image:equipotentials two same charges.PNG width="320" height="275"]] || [[image:equipotentials two equal opposite charges.PNG width="343" height="237"]] || [[image:equipotential lines between charged parallel plates.PNG width="348" height="181"]] ||

PRACTICE 10: Draw a 3D contour map of the equipotential surface surrounding a negative charge. SOLUTION: A positive test charge placed on the hill will roll downhill (Refer to the right side of image above). Just as with the gravitational equipotential surface, **__no work__** is done by the electric field if a charge is moved about on an electrostatic __**equipotential**__ surface.

27th Feb. 2017 Your task is to investigate and produce an educational video or other forms of presentation on Fields at Work. You can make power point slides but they should include a video clip that describes Fields or one of the bullet points from below. You must include your understanding of:

• Aim 2: Newton’s law of gravitation and Coulomb’s law form part of the structure known as “classical physics”. This body of knowledge has provided the methods and tools of analysis up to the advent of the theory of relativity and the quantum theory. • Aim 9: models developed for electric and gravitational fields using lines of forces allow predictions to be made but have limitations in terms of the finite width of a line.

• Field lines • Equipotential surfaces • No work is done in moving charge or mass on an equipotential surface • Difference between Potential and potential energy • Electric potential and gravitational potential • Potential difference • Total Energy in the system • Relevant diagrams

You will upload your completed work on ManageBac or share your creation with Ms. Lee before the end of the lesson and will present your work on Thursday.

10.2 Fields at Work
 * Topic 10.2 is an extension of Topics 5.1, 6.1 and 6.2.** **This subtopic has a lot of stuff in it. Sometimes the IBO organizes their stuff that way. Live with it!**

Essential idea: Similar approaches can be taken in analyzing electrical and gravitational potential problems.

Communication of scientific explanations: The ability to apply field theory to the unobservable (charges) and the massively scaled (motion of satellites) required scientists to develop new ways to investigate, analyze and report findings to a general public used to scientific discoveries based on tangible and discernible evidence.
 * // Nature of science: //**

• Potential and potential energy • Potential gradient • Potential difference • Escape speed • Orbital motion, orbital speed and orbital energy • Forces and inverse-square law behavior
 * // Understandings: //**

• Orbital motion of a satellite around a planet is restricted to a consideration of circular orbits (links to 6.1 and 6.2) • Both uniform and radial fields need to be considered • Students should recognize that lines of force can be two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional fields • Students should assume that the electric field everywhere between parallel plates is uniform with edge effects occurring beyond the limits of the plates.
 * // Guidance: //**

• The global positioning system depends on complete understanding of satellite motion • Geostationary / polar satellites • The acceleration of charged particles in particle accelerators and in many medical imaging devices depends on the presence of electric fields (see Physics option sub-topic C.4)
 * // Utilization: //**

• Aim 2: Newton’s law of gravitation and Coulomb’s law form part of the structure known as “classical physics”. This body of knowledge has provided the methods and tools of analysis up to the advent of the theory of relativity and the quantum theory. • Aim 4: the theories of gravitation and electrostatic interactions allows for a great synthesis in the description of a large number of phenomena
 * // Aims: //**

//** Data booklet reference: **// Potential gradient Potential gradient  is the local rate of change of the potential  with respect to displacement. How the force changes over distance can be shown from the gradient of the potential vs position graph. 10.4 The graph shows the variation of the gravitational potential V with distance r away from the centre of a dense compact planet of radius 2 x 10^9 m. Use the graph to calculate the work required to move a probe of mass 3400 kg from the surface to a distance of 7.5 x 10^6 m from the centre of the planet. (page 401) SOLUTION: W = m ΔVg = 6.5 x 10^13 J Conservative forces We call any force which does work independent of path a [|conservative force]. Only conservative forces have associated potential energy functions. Gravitational force is a conservative force. EXAMPLE: Show that for a conservative force Δ Ep = - W = – F d cos Θ where F is a conservative force. SOLUTION: > From the definition of work W = F·d·cos Θ and we can thus write Δ E P = – F d cos Θ
 * Gravitational field intensity = - Potential gradient, g = - ∆ Vg / ∆ r || Its units are J/Kg m, (N/Kg, m/s^2) ||
 * Electric field intensity = - Potential gradient, E= - ∆ Ve / ∆ r || Its units are N/C, (V/m) ||
 * Conservation of energy Δ E P + Δ E K = 0 and the work-kinetic energy theorem W = Δ E K. Then - Δ E **K** = ΔE P = - W

The electrostatic force and the gravitational force are both examples of conservative forces. Thus both forces have potential energy functions. F g = –G m 1 m 2 /r 2 where G = 6.67× 10 -11 N m 2 kg −2 ( Universal law of gravitation ) F e = k q 1 q 2 /r 2 where k = 8.99 x 10 9 N m 2 C −2 ( Coulomb's law )

PRACTICE 9: A mass m moves upward a distance Δh without accelerating. (a) What is the change in potential energy of the mass-Earth system? (b) What is the potential difference undergone by the mass? SOLUTION: (a) F = mg, d = Δh and Θ = 180 o so that Δ E P = - W = – F ·d ·cos Θ = -(mg) Δh cos(180 o ) = mgΔh (b) W = – Δ E P so that W = - mg Δh, thus m ΔVg = W = -mg Δh, ΔVg = -gΔh

PRACTICE 8: A mass m moves upward a distance Δh without accelerating. (c) What is the gravitational field strength g in terms of Vg and Δh? (d) What is the potential difference experienced by the mass in moving from h = 1.25 m to h = 3.75 m ? Use g = 9.81 m/s^2 SOLUTION: ΔVg = -gΔh (c) From ΔVg = -gΔh, g= - ΔVg/Δh, thus field strength = - potential difference / position change (d) From ΔVg = -gΔh, ΔVg = - (9.81)(3.75 - 1.25) = - 24.5 J kg^-1

media type="custom" key="29043489" My Solar System Phet [|Kepler's law applet]

Escape speed speed to escape gravitational force of a mass such as planet’s gravity/speed to reach zero gravitational field V = s.root<span style="font-family: Symbol,sans-serif;">/ ( 2GM/r ) 1/2 media type="youtube" key="NIGYo_Z4Rmk" width="560" height="315"

Universal Gravitational Potential Energy [|Ian Page] Published on 25 Jan 2016