Particles+Elements,+Compounds+and+separating+Mixtures

The Molecular Shape of You (Ed Sheeran Parody) A Capella Science [|acapellascience]Published on 9 Jun 2017 || || media type="youtube" key="iM_I6rtIgn0" width="560" height="315" [|Chemists Know] - (Parody of "Let It Go" from Frozen) - University of California Irvine [|UC Irvine Department of Chemistry] Published on 6 Oct 2014 ||
 * Particle Theory **
 * media type="youtube" key="f8FAJXPBdOg" width="560" height="315"

media type="youtube" key="6IeeshkVATY" width="560" height="315" [|Seeing the smallest thing in the universe] by physics girl from youtube.com published in 2015 media type="youtube" key="ipzFnGRfsfE" width="560" height="315" [|How can you see an atom] by REACTIONS from youtube.com published on 9 Apr 2015 media type="youtube" key="F2d4Hq1CBdg" width="560" height="315" [|Can you touch an atom] by whenappledrops from youtube.com published June in 2014 LOs: Distinguish between solids, liquids and gases. Recognise how particles are arranged in each of the three states. Show in outline how the particle theory of matter can be used to explain the properties of solids, liquids and gases, including changes of state.


 * //Keywords// || Description ||
 * Particle theory

Matter

Substance

Material

Lattice

Physical change

Chemical change || Matter is made from particles.

Something that has mass and takes up space. It is the material that everything is made of in the universe.

That which has mass and occupies space; matter.

Something that has mass and exists as a solid, liquid, gas. The matter from which a thing is or can be made. ex) Wood, Metal, Glass, Plastic

A regular, periodic arrangement of particles.

A change in size/shape or reversible reaction without a change in chemical composition.

A process in which one or more substances are changed by the atomic and molecular composition into others. Many chemical reactions are non-reversible changes. ||

Solids, liquids and gases are made from particles. These three groups are called the States of Matter. Many materials exist all three states. It just depends on the temperature or pressure. To change from one state to another you need the transfer of heat energy. State changes are a __ physical __ change. The changes in state are only physical, the chemical structure stays the same. Physical change or Chemical change from Brainpop
 * States of matter [** State of matter from Brainpop **]**

They have a fixed shape but vibrate ||< Particles in a liquid are pushed together and sliding through each other randomly. ||< Particles in a gas are separated from each other. They move about very quickly and the space in between particles are further away. ||
 * ~ Solid ||~ Liquid ||~ Gas ||
 * < Particles in a solid are closely packed together.
 * * __ High __ density
 * __ Definite __ mass
 * __ Definite __ volume
 * Hard to __ compress __ and expand
 * __ Rigid/ definite __ shape || * __ High __ density
 * __ Definite __ mass
 * __ Definite __ volume
 * Hard to compress and __ expand __
 * Takes the shape of the container || * __ Low __ density
 * Definite mass but volume can vary
 * Easy to compress and expand
 * Fill up the container ||

Particle ideas can explain that solids have a __ fixed __ shape and a fixed __ volume .__ Solids don't diffuse into each other. Liquids have no fixed __shape__ but do have a fixed volume. Liquids __ cannot __ be compressed while gases are easy to __ compress __.

The particle model review activity from BBC KS3 Bitesize
Challenge Plasma: An electrically charged gas. A star is made up of plasma. Colloids: Mixtures containing 2 separate phases of matter such as gels, butter and paint. The particles do not settle and cannot be separated out by ordinary filtering.

LOs: Describe the properties of ice and water Describe what happens when water freezes Describe and explain evaporation Change of state

Draw a particle diagram showing change of states of water; solid liquid and gas states of water.
Matter changing states from Brainpop


 * //Keywords// || Description ||
 * Boiling

Melting

Sublimation

Freezing

Condensation

E vaporation

P ressure || 1. The process of changing a liquid into a gas by the application of heat.

2. The process of changing a solid into a liquid by the application of heat.

3. The process of transformation directly from a solid to a gas or from a gas to a solid.

4. The process of changing a liquid into a solid by cooling or by increased pressure. S olidification.

5. The process of changing a gas into a liquid by cooling or by increased pressure. Condensing.

6. The process of changing a liquid into a gas without boiling.

7. The force applied to a unit area of a surface. ||

[|Nature of matter image] from duckingsciencebombs.files.wordpress.com Know how salt affects the freezing point of water

__Aim__ How does salt affect the freezing point of water? __ Diagram __

__ Method __ 1. Half fill 2 small cups with tap water. 2. Mix 3 Tablespoons of salt in one of the cups of water. You can use other solid matter that can dissolve in water. 3. Stir the salt water well. 4. Put both the salt-water solution and the tap water in a freezer. 5. Measure the temperature, or time taken, for ice to start forming.

__ Results __ __ Conclusion __ Salt __ lowers __ the temperature at which water freezes and melts.
 * Type of water || Freezing temperature || Time taken to form ice. ||
 * Water only ||  ||   ||
 * Salt water ||  ||   ||

__Evaluation__ How to make it a fair test?

Homework on 13 th Oct. 2014: Read your Science 2 text page 103 ~106. Take notes on Gas pressure and Diffusion then complete questions.

Explain the expansion of solids, liquids and gases When a substance is heated, the particles move __ faster __ and further apart. Therefore it __e xpands .__ On cooling, the substance __c ontracts __ as the particles move slower and come closer together. The particles DO NOT get bigger, the spaces between particles get bigger

LO: Use particle theory of matter to explain the properties of solids, liquids and gases, including changes of state, gas pressure and diffusion.



Gas particles bounce the surface of a container and change direction. Gas __ pressure __ is due to the effect of lots of particles colliding with the side of a container. They exert **__p__**__ ressure __ on their container.
 * Gas pressure**

A simple experiment in which two gases diffuse towards each other in a glass tube. When they meet they will react to form a cloud of white smoke. Why did it form here? Use particles in your explanation.
 * Diffusion**: A random spread of the particles of two or more substances. It occurs in liquids and gases.

NH 3 + HCl = NH 4 Cl


 * Elements and Compounds **

LO: Explain what is meant by an element.


 * media type="file" key="1.Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table.flv" width="321" height="290" || media type="file" key="BEST_WAY_TO_LEARN_THE_ELEMENTS_Periodic_Table_Song.flv" width="381" height="287" || media type="youtube" key="VgVQKCcfwnU" width="504" height="283" || media type="file" key="Tom_Lehrer_s_The_Elements_animated.flv" width="289" height="289" ||
 * The building blocks of matter from Youtube.com || The first 10 elements from the periodic table from Youtube.com || The NEW Periodic Table Song (Updated) by [|AsapSCIENCE] Published on 31 Oct 2015 || Tom Lehrer's The elements song from Youtube.com ||

An **element** is made up of only one type of particle (atom). Eg. Copper is only made up of copper atoms. Oxygen is only made up of oxygen atoms All elements can be found in the __ Periodic __ table. All ATOMS have __ PROTONS __, __ NEUTRONS __ and __ ELECTRONS __. The periodic table tells us how many of each an atom has.

Name the lightest (first) twenty elements. Recall the symbols of the first twenty elements What do you know about these elements?
 * Element || Symbol || Element || Symbol || Element || Symbol ||
 * 1) Hydrogen ||  || 11) Sodium ||   || 26) [|Iron] ||   ||
 * 2) Helium ||  || 12) Magnesium ||   || 29) [|Copper] ||   ||
 * 3) Lithium ||  || 13) Aluminium ||   || 30) [|Zinc] ||   ||
 * 4) Beryllium ||  || 14) Silicon ||   || 47) [|Silver] ||   ||
 * 5) Boron ||  || 15) Phosphorus ||   || 50) [|Tin] ||   ||
 * 6) Carbon ||  || 16) Sulphur ||   || 79) [|Gold] ||   ||
 * 7) Nitrogen ||  || 17) Chlorine ||   || 80) Mercury ||   ||
 * 8) Oxygen ||  || 18) Argon ||   || 82) [|Lead] ||   ||
 * 9) Fluorine ||  || 19) Potassium ||   || 35? ||   ||
 * 10) Neon ||  || 20) Calcium ||   || 56? ||   ||

Resources from Jefferson Lab media type="custom" key="27991413" 118 elements in 10 minutes Teachertube media type="youtube" key="PfDPVHMIL8c" width="420" height="315" [|The halogens] from youtube.com media type="youtube" key="1cqauZq4uYM" width="423" height="240" [|The new Periodic table song lylics in order] from youtube Periodic table of elements from Brainpop 10 most strange elements media type="youtube" key="khymS6V_mn0" width="448" height="251"
 * || Elements || Symbols || Descriptions ||
 * 1 || [|Hydrogen] || Wee Cheng || An explosive gas. ||
 * 2 || [|Helium] || Sung Eun || A gas which does not react at all. ||
 * 3 || [|Lithium] || Da Chung || A soft grey metal which reacts with water easily. ||
 * 4 || [|Beryllium] || Ryan || A silvery grey metal. ||
 * 5 || [|Boron] || Seong Gyeong || A non-metal with a high melting point. ||
 * 6 || [|Carbon] || Kayo || A non-metal with a very high melting point. ||
 * 7 || [|Nitrogen] || Camille || A non-metal which is found as a gas in the air. ||
 * 8 || [|Oxygen] || Bryan || A non-metal which is found as a gas in the air. ||
 * 9 || [|Fluorine] || Lei || A poisonous green gas, reacts violently with other elements. ||
 * 10 || [|Neon] || Jing Wen || A noble gas. ||
 * 11 || [|Sodium] || Hyun Woo || A soft silvery-grey metal which reacts with water easily. ||
 * 12 || [|Magnesium] || Ji Ho || A silvery-grey metal which reacts with water slowly. ||
 * 13 || [|Aluminium] || Russell || A silvery metal. ||
 * 14 || [|Silicon] ||  || A non-metal with a very high melting point. ||
 * 15 || [|Phosphorus] ||  || A non-metal that is a solid. ||
 * 16 || [|Sulphur] ||  || A non-metal that is a solid. ||
 * 17 || [|Chlorine] || Gi Yoon || A poisonous green gas which reacts with other elements easily. ||
 * 18 || [|Argon] || Meghana || A gas which does not react at all. ||
 * 19 || [|Potassium] || Kevin || A soft metal which floats on water and reacts violently. ||
 * 20 || [|Calcium] ||  || A metal which reacts steadily with water. ||

Periodic table is the list of the elements in the universe. They are numbered by their atomic number. Elements are grouped together with __ similar __ elements. The lines in the periodic table are called __ periods __. The pattern repeats every eight elements.
 * Patterns in the names of elements in the periodic table.**

Look at the list of Group 7 (non-metals) Do their names have anything in common? Do the names of any other elements in the periodic table finish with the same letters?

Look at the list of Group 1 (Alkali-metal) Do their names have anything in common? Look at the names of other metals in the periodic table, does the pattern hold true for all metals? Write down the names of 3 metals whose names do not fit the pattern. Do only metals have this ending to their names? Write down the name of a non-metal that also has this ending.

Some names of elements end with the letters '~on'. Find the names of elements in the periodic table that end '~on', do they all belong to one family?

Complete these sentences to describe the two rules in the periodic table: If the name of an element ends in ~ine, it is a h__alogen.__ If the name of an element ends in ~ium, it is probable a __ metal __ but not all the elements. ex) __ helium __.

Research and present a profile of an element.

**Homework**: Research your element
ELEMENT PROFILE
 * 1) Find information about the elements assigned to you.
 * 2) You must include Name, Symbol, Where is it found, who discovered it, Physical properties, Uses.
 * 3) You may include any other interesting information about the element assigned to you.
 * 4) Make a poster which should have colours and illustrations.
 * 5) You work will be graded based on the following (total 15 marks):
 * How informative (5marks)
 * How well organised (5marks)
 * Creativity (5marks)

Know how the elements of water can be separated Explain the formation of simple compounds. Atoms from Brainpop

Name some common compounds including oxides, hydroxides, chlorides, sulphates and carbonates.

[|Naming compounds] quizlet flashcards [|Naming compounds Gravity] quizlet game Use word equations to describe a reactions. Chemical equations from Brainpop Conservation of mass from Brainpop [|Difference Between an Alloy and a Compound] from differencebetween.com Identify some elements by their flame tests What do the street lamp, salt and fireworks have in common? They all contain __ SODIUM (Na) __ which gives off a unique bright __ orange __ flame when heated.


 * __Aim__ ** To identify the colour flames that different metal ions make.


 * __ Diagram __**


 * __ Method __**

1. Dip the flame test loop into one of the known test solutions, then hold the metal loop in the hottest part of the Bunsen burner flame. 2. Make a note of the colour of the flame on your flame test table. 3. Clean the flame test wire, then test another unknown test solution. 4. Repeat the flame test until you have recorded the colour of all of the unknown solutions. 5. Make a flame test chart.

__Precaution:__ Make sure that you have a clean flame test wire. Do this by holding the metal loop in the hottest part of the Bunsen burner flame. If it is clean, there should be no change in the colour of the flame when the metal loop is put in it. If it is not clean, clean it by dipping it into the concentrated acid provided, then holding the loop in the Bunsen burner flame. Repeat this cleaning until there is no more change in the colour of the flame.


 * __ Results __**
 * Sample number || Sample 1 || Sample 2 || Sample 3 || Sample 4 || Sample 5 || Sample 6 || Sample 7 ||
 * Flame colour ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||

When we heat some metal compounds the __e lectrons __ gain __ energy __ and move further away from the nucleus. As they fall back they release this energy as light. Different __m etals __ release different colour light.
 * __ Conclusion __**
 * Sample number || Sample 1 || Sample 2 || Sample 3 || Sample 4 || Sample 5 || Sample 6 || Sample 7 ||
 * Flame colour || Orange || Green || Yellow Orange || Lilac || Orange || Blue Green || Colourless ||
 * Metal || Iron || Barium || Sodium || Potassium || Calcium || Copper || Magnesium ||

[|Flame tests image] from scienceray.com [|Element flame test] from Glen Gilchrist FLAME TESTS
 * Flame Test Chart **

Explain what is meant by a mixture Distinguish between an element, a mixture and a compound. Compounds and mixtures from Brainpop An __ element __ is made up of only one type of atom.

A __ compound __is made of 2 elements chemically bonded together. Eg. Water (2 hydrogen bonded to 1 oxygen). Common salt, is sodium(soft silvery metal) bonded to chlorine(a poisonous light greenish gas) to make Sodium Chloride. It is a pure substance consisting of two or more different elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions. A compound has properties that differ from those of the elements that form it.

A __ mixture __ is made of more than two elements which are not chemically bonded together. Eg. Saltwater, rock salt, air.

A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more __ atoms __ held together by chemical __ bonds __. A molecule may consist of atoms of a single element, hydrogen (H2), or of different elements, water (H2O). Two or more atoms of the same or different elements that have bonded. A molecule is the smallest part of a substance that cannot be divided without a chemical change. media type="youtube" key="AfXxZwNLvPA" width="560" height="315"

[|Atoms, Molecules, Elements and Compounds] Published on 15 Nov 2012

Explain the formation of simple compounds. Separate elements from some compounds. Hoffman apparatus image from [|Chemistry 30] Electrolysis: The process of using electric current to break down compounds. Research ways that electrolysis is used in industry. Make a poster of what you learn and present your work to class. Quiz from teachers-direct.co.uk


 * Separating mixtures **

LOs: Explain what is meant by a solution Describe and explain dissolving __Describe the physical properties of solutions.__

Solution: The state of being dissolved. A mixture in which particles of one or more substances (solute) are distributed uniformly throughout another substance (solvent). [|Formation of solution] from pearson.com.au Dissolving: To become disintegrated; To break into component parts. Mixture: A composition of two or more substances that are not chemically combined with each other and are capable of being separated.

Read your text page 124 ~ 131 and explain what solute, solvent, miscible, immiscible, soluble and insoluble means.
2. Mixture 3. __ Dissolve __ 4. . solute 5. . solvent 6. miscible 7. . immiscible 8. soluble 9. insoluble 10. . decanting 11. . filtration 12. distillation || __M ixture __ of a solute and a solvent. A substance that is composed of two or more separate substances. To break into component parts; disintegrate. A substance dissolved in another substance (a solvent), forming a solution. A liquid capable of dissolving another substance. A liquid that dissolves in a solvent. Capable of being mixed. A liquid that does not dissolve in a solvent. A gas or a solid that __ dissolves __ in a solvent. A solid or gas that __ does not __ dissolve in a solvent. A separating method between a insoluble solid and a liquid by pouring liquid out of the container of mixture without disturbing the sediment at the bottom. The process of passing a liquid or a gas, such as air, through a filter in order to remove solid particles. A method of separating a substance that is in solution from its solvent or of separating a liquid from a mixture of liquids having different boiling points. || Go visit what2learn.com and play the compound and mixture game.
 * Keywords || Descriptions ||
 * 1. Solution

Separate mixtures using filtration. Separate mixtures of solids when one of which is soluble. Separate compounds from mixtures of compounds.



Aim: To separate sand and salts from a mixture of sand and salt water solution.

Diagram

Method

Result: Insoluble residue separated by filtering the rock salt and water __ solution __. Salt crystal formed when __ evaporating __ the filtered solution.

Conclusion: Evaporation is used when separating a solute from a solvent. Crystallisation is to form crystals when a concentrated solution of a substance is left to cool after heating for water to evaporate.

Separate mixtures using Chromatography.

Separate mixtures using distillation. Know how liquids can be separated by fractional distillation

Revision the particle model from BBC KS3 SCIENCE
 * [|Atoms and Elements]**

media type="custom" key="27987749"
 * Bill Nye Atoms and molecules from** www.tune.pk

media type="youtube" key="h5yIJXdItgo" width="448" height="251" Why don't oil and water mix while salt dissolve in water? from TED Ed youtube.com