KS3+The+structure+of+the+atom

Describe the structure of an atom and learn about the methods and discoveries of Rutherford. 2. What are the particles that move around the core of the atom called and what electrical charges do they have? 3. We know that atoms are electrically neutral overall. What does this tell us about the charge on the core and the charge on the other particles in an atom? ||
 * 1. What name is given to the central part of the atom and what electrical charge does it have?


 * [[image:Rutherford experiment.png width="441" height="453"]] || The structure of atoms

How many number of protons and neutrons does Beryllium has? It has 4 protons and 5 neutrons. The atomic number of Beryllium is 4 which is the same as the number of __ protons __ and the mass number is 9 which is the same as the addition of the number of __ protons and neutrons. __ ||

Subatomic particles
**//proton://** A p__ ositively __ charged elementary particle, found in atomic __ nuclei __ in numbers equal to the __ atomic __ number of the element. **//neutron://** Neutral, same m __ ass __ as proton **//electron://** A n __ egatively __ charged elementary particle in an atom**.** In an atom, there are same number of protons and electrons.
 * [[image:Atomic Number.png width="223" height="215"]]

[|Inside an atom] from www.sawyerscience.com || ||

Recognise the symbols for the first 20 elements
 * media type="youtube" key="k-KUtd5gaN0" width="410" height="239" || media type="youtube" key="bfrv8Y9746g" width="309" height="241" || media type="youtube" key="v1TfPDlA1xE" width="303" height="238" ||
 * Meet 36 elements from youtube.com || [|The element song] by Tom Lehrer Youtube |||||| Daniel Radcliffe sings The elements song Youtube ||

[|Cartoon element] [|Periodic Table of Elements (Interactive Table)] Element research Arrange the first 20 elements into the Periodic Table In the periodic table, the columns are called__ group __ and the horizontal rows are called __ periods __.
 * 1) Give at least 3 uses of your element
 * 2) Indicate chemical symbol
 * 3) Indicate who discovered your element
 * 4) Indicate time of element discovery
 * 5) Indicate location of element discovery
 * 6) Indicate whereabouts in the world would you find large amounts of your element
 * 7) Indicate ability to conduct electricity
 * 8) Indicate ability to conduct heat
 * 9) Provide pictures and illustrations to support the information you provided

[|Webelements (More Details on Properties)] [|How to memorize the Periodic table] from chemistry.about.com Recognize Groups and Periods Relate atomic structure to Periods 1. How are the elements arranged by their atomic number? Is it vertically or horizontally arranged? 2. How does the number of protons in the nuclei change as you move from left to right along the period?

1st period: Hydrogen[H], Helium[He] 2nd period: Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne 3rd period: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar 4th period: K, Ca
 * [[image:sciencelanguagegallery/Electron configuration.jpg width="880" height="573"]] ||
 * The electrons are arranged in shells at different distances from the nucleus. ||

Consider the similarities in the elements of a Group eg. Group 1, Group 7 and Group 8 //1. How does the number of electrons in the outer electron shell change as you move from left to right?// //2. What is a common factor of elements in each period?// //3. What is a common factor of elements in each group?// //4. List the name of elements in group1, group7 and group8.//
 * //Answer the questions below after reading text 3 Chapter 8. The periodic table.//**
 * || Group 1 || Group 7 || Group 8 ||
 * Period 1 ||  ||   || Helium ||
 * Period 2 || Lithium || Fluorine || Neon ||
 * Period 3 || Sodium || Chlorine || Argon ||
 * Period 4 || Potassium ||  ||   ||

Consider the chemical trends within a Group Physical properties of the alkali metals Down the group, the density of the metals generally __ increases __ but the melting point and boiling point of the metals generally __ decreases __. //Q11: How does the strength of the reaction with water vary as you move down the group of alkali metals?// //Q12: How do you think the strengths of their reactions with oxygen and the halogens vary as you move down the group?// media type="youtube" key="CEC64Bqeajs" width="560" height="315" Don’t Flush Sodium Down The Toilet [|The King of Random] Published on 19 Nov 2016 Properties of the halogens //Q71: What trends can you see in the melting points and the boiling points of the halogens?// //Q72: Over how many degrees Celsius is Chlorine a liquid??// //Q73: Which halogen is a liquid at a room temperature of 20// o //C?// //Q74: Explain what the trend is as you go down the group?// //Q75: How does the reactivity of the halogens and the alkali metals compare as you go down each group?//
 * Group 1 (The alkali metals)**
 * Element || Density/cm 3 || Melting point/ o C || Boiling point/ o C || Uses ||
 * Li || 0.53 || 180.6 || 1344 || batteries, medicines to treat mental disorders ||
 * Na || 0.97 || 97.9 || 884 || street lamps, nuclear reactor, sodium ions are needed by nerve cells in the body to transfer electrical signals. ||
 * K || 0.86 || 63.5 || 760 || fertiliser, potassium ions are used for the control of the water content of the blood and also sending electrical signals along the nerve cells in the body. ||
 * Group 7 (The halogens)**
 * Element || Melting point/ o C || Boiling point/ o C || Properties || Uses ||
 * Fl || -219.7 || -188.2 || pale yellow green poisonous gas. very reactive, forms compound with noble gases || fluorite- ornaments, hydrogen fluoride-etching glass surfaces. sodium fluoride prevents tooth decay. ||
 * Cl || -100.9 || -34.0 || yellow-green poisonous gas. dissolves in water || rock salt. chlorine is used to kill bacteria in water. ||
 * Br || -7.3 || 59.1 || red-brown liquid which produces a poisonous vapour at room temperature. dissolves in water more slowly || silver bromide is used in photographic film to record the amount of light in different parts of the image focused by the camera lens. ||


 * Group 8 (The noble gases)**
 * || Uses ||
 * He ||  ||
 * Ne || Red light produced when an electric current flows through it. Neon signs. ||
 * Ar || Filled in wire-filament light bulbs. It does not react with the tungsten and the filament lasts longer. Also used in making silicon and germanium crystals for the electronic industry. ||
 * Kr ypton || Used in lamps that produce light of a high intensity,such as for airport landing lights and lighthouses. ||
 * Xe non || Used to make the bright light in a photographer's flash gun. ||

Recognize the unique position of hydrogen

//**Answer questions below after reading your Science text 3 page133 and research on hydrogen using other resources.**// //Q1H. Which is the most common substance in the Universe?// //Q2H. Write down the names of two chemicals that contain hydrogen.// //Q3H. Describe three different ways of making hydrogen from other chemicals.// __//Q4H. Why is hydrogen useful? Write down as many uses as you can.//__ __//Q5H. Some people think we should use hydrogen as a fuel for cars, instead of petrol. Do you think this is a good idea?// //C////onstruct a word equation for the burning of hydrogen then e////xplain your answer.//__

//__Question6H. Find out:__// __//-H1. How hydrogen can be made into a liquid//__ __//-H2. What a fuel cell is and why it is so useful in spacecraft.//__

Hydrogen gas is a colourless gas with no smell. It is the most common element in the universe. The property of hydrogen does not match well with the properties of the other elements. It does not have any __ neutrons __. It has just one proton and one__ electron __ and this makes it the lightest atom. Hydrogen forms many compounds such as in acids, which resulting in releasing of H 2 gas when acids react with some metals and in bases as a form of hydroxides and hydrogencarbonates. Hydrogen combines with carbon to make the __ hydrocarbons __ in oil and is combined with nitrogen to make __ ammonia __ for use in fertilisers. Cars have been developed that can run by burning hydrogen instead of petrol as the product of burning hydrogen is __ water __ vapour and there is no carbon dioxide produced, unlike when fossil fuels are burnt.

Order properties of metals and non-metals for comparison. from chemistry.about.com || metals || non-metals || //Metal Chemical Properties//
 * [|Metals vs Nonmetals]
 * Properties || * lustrous (shiny)
 * [|good conductors] of heat and electricity
 * high melting point
 * high density (heavy for their size)
 * malleable (can be hammered)
 * ductile (can be drawn into wires)
 * usually solid [|at room temperature] (an exception is mercury)
 * opaque as a thin sheet (can't see through metals)
 * metals are sonorous or make a bell-like sound when struck
 * have 1-3 electrons in the outer shell of each metal atom
 * corrode easily (e.g., damaged by oxidation such as tarnish or rust)
 * lose electrons easily
 * form oxides that are basic
 * have [|lower electronegativities]
 * are [|good reducing agents] || //[|Nonmetal Physical Properties]//
 * not lustrous (dull appearance)
 * poor conductors of heat and electricity
 * nonductile solids
 * brittle solids
 * may be solids, liquids or gases at room temperature
 * transparent as a thin sheet
 * nonmetals are not sonorous

//Nonmetal Chemical Properties//
 * usually have 4-8 electrons in their outer shell
 * readily gain or [|share valence electrons]
 * form oxides that are acidic
 * have [|higher electronegativities]
 * are [|good oxidizing agents] ||

State the properties of metals and say in what ways some are exceptional. [|Metals fact] from chemistry.about.com Metals are shiny solids in room temperature (except mercury, which is a shiny [|liquid element]), with characteristic high melting points and high densities. Many of the properties of metals, low electronegativity, are due to the fact that the electrons in the valence shell of a metal atoms can be removed easily. Malleability is the ability of a metal to be hammered into shapes. Ductility is the ability of a metal to be drawn into wire. Metals are good heat conductors and electrical conductors. [|Properties of metals] from chemistry.about.com
 * Properties**
 * Common Properties**
 * Shiny 'metallic' appearance
 * Solids at room temperature (except mercury)
 * High melting points
 * High densities
 * Large atomic radii
 * Low ionization energies
 * Low electronegativities
 * Malleable
 * Ductile
 * Thermal conductors
 * Electrical conductors